Cómo proteger la propiedad intelectual en los Estados Unidos
La protección de los derechos de propiedad intelectual es un paso esencial para cualquier empresa, ya sea que opere en el territorio nacional o, aún más, en los mercados extranjeros. A continuación se explica cómo protegerse en los Estados Unidos, uno de los principales destinos de las exportaciones Made in Spain.
La propiedad intelectual, ya sea una marca, una patente o un derecho del autor, es una representación de la empresa en el mercado. Las motivaciones que inducen a una empresa a proteger sus derechos de propiedad intelectual surgen de una doble necesidad: la de garantizar un interés económico legítimo, fruto de importantes inversiones en términos de tiempo empleado y recursos financieros para adquirir estratégicamente una posición competitiva en el mercado; así como, la de defender su esfera de derechos garantizada internacionalmente y la expresión de una sana competencia dentro de sistemas económicos cada vez más vinculados e integrados jurídicamente. Por esta razón, es muy importante asegurarse de que se tienen todas las herramientas para protegerla, especialmente cuando se trata de un mercado extranjero del que se tiene un conocimiento limitado.
En Estados Unidos, el organismo competente para el registro de marcas y patentes es la USPTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office). Una vez que se registra una marca/patente en la USPTO, el propietario tiene un monopolio sobre el artículo registrado con validez en todo Estados Unidos. Pero la propiedad intelectual también debe protegerse por otros medios, y no sólo mediante el registro en la USPTO. También hay que poner cuidado contractual en la redacción de los contratos tanto internos (con los empleados) como externos (con los socios comerciales). Esto incluye acuerdos de confidencialidad, acuerdos de no divulgación (NDA), acuerdos de licencia, etc., para los que es mejor contar con un abogado de confianza.
Estas precauciones también son muy importantes en el desafortunado caso de tener que denunciar una infracción de la propiedad intelectual a las autoridades. De hecho, el juez exige, como primer paso, comprobar que la empresa ha hecho todo lo posible para proteger su propiedad intelectual. Además, los documentos de registro y los elementos contractuales también servirán como prueba de que, efectivamente, la información objeto de la reclamación fue tratada como propiedad intelectual. Sin embargo, para quienes dan sus primeros pasos en un nuevo mercado, puede resultar difícil orientarse.
Por eso se han creado herramientas de ayuda como los ICE/ITA IPR Desks en algunos países estratégicos como Estados Unidos. Estos despachos pueden prestar asistencia a las empresas que deseen establecer todas las garantías necesarias antes de operar en el mercado estadounidense. Este tipo de ayuda preventiva es especialmente importante para las pequeñas empresas que tendrían que soportar la carga de importantes costes legales si tuvieran que presentar una demanda.
Es importante saber que el actual sistema de defensa de la propiedad intelectual en Estados Unidos consiste en una red que se extiende a nivel internacional y que fomenta la colaboración entre diversos organismos e instituciones. El objetivo principal de este sistema es la protección de las empresas, que quieren asegurarse de que pueden operar económicamente en los Estados Unidos con la tranquilidad de no tener riesgos de propiedad intelectual.
El sistema de protección de la propiedad intelectual en Estados Unidos es un sistema articulado y eficaz, gracias a la colaboración de organismos americanos y de empresas colaboradoras. Sin embargo, no son menos importantes las precauciones que toda empresa debe tomar al entrar en un mercado complejo como el de Estados Unidos.
Fuente: editado por Exportamos, de Martina Bonazza, info@exportamos.info
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